OECD－促进贸易便利化对发展中国家的潜在影响－97页

秋云飞

Trade Facilitation Indicators
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF TRADE
FACILITATION ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES'
TRADE
Evdokia Moïsé, Silvia Sorescu

Table of contents
Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................  5
I.  Introduction and objectives.........................................................................................................  7
II.   The structure of the work and the dataset  ...................................................................................  8
III.   The impact of the TFIs on trade flows and trade costs .............................................................  11
The impact of the TFIs on bilateral trade patterns  ....................................................................  11
Trade flows impacts by income country groupings  ..................................................................  13
Trade flows impacts by geographical and regional country groupings  .....................................  13
Trade flows impacts for landlocked developing countries  ........................................................  14
The impact of the TFIs on trade costs  .......................................................................................  15
IV.   Reflections on the indicators  .....................................................................................................  17
(a) Information availability  .......................................................................................................  19
(b) Involvement of the trade community  ...................................................................................  20
(c) Advance rulings  ...................................................................................................................  21
(d) Appeal procedures  ...............................................................................................................  22
(e) Fees and charges  ..................................................................................................................  23
(f) Formalities - documents  .......................................................................................................  23
(g) Formalities and automation  .................................................................................................  25
(h) Formalities and procedures  ..................................................................................................  27
(i) Border agency cooperation – internal  ...................................................................................  31
(j) Border agency cooperation – external  ..................................................................................  31
(k) Consularization  ....................................................................................................................  31
(l) Governance and impartiality  ................................................................................................  32
(m) Transit fees and charges  .....................................................................................................  32
(n) Transit formalities ...............................................................................................................  33
(o) Transit guarantees  ................................................................................................................  34
(p) Transit agreements and cooperation  ....................................................................................  34
V.   Conclusions  ...............................................................................................................................  35
References  ...........................................................................................................................................  37
Annex 1. Trade facilitation indicators variables  ..................................................................................  39
Annex 2. Main data sources  ................................................................................................................  52
Annex 3. Country coverage – import/export TFIS  ..............................................................................  55
Annex 4. Country groupings  ...............................................................................................................  56
Annex 5. Country coverage – transit indicators  ..................................................................................  58
Annex 6. Relevance and organisation of the variables  ........................................................................  59
Annex 7. Gravity specifications  ..........................................................................................................  61
Annex 8. Transit indicators and gravity specifications  .......................................................................  64
Annex 9. Trade costs calculation  .........................................................................................................  66
Annex 10. Trade costs regressions  ......................................................................................................  68
Annex 11. Contribution to the variance ..............................................................................................  69
Annex 12. Status of implementation of selected measures  .................................................................  71
Appendix 1. Correlation matrix  ...........................................................................................................  72
Appendix 2. Trade flows - gravity regressions with the individual TFI .............................................  73
Appendix 3. Trade flows - gravity regressions with the TFIs altogether  ............................................  93
Appendix 4. Trade costs regressions with the individual TFIs  ...........................................................  95