The Condition of Education 2017 美国教育报告

秋云飞

Contents
Page
A Letter From the Commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics ......................................................iii
Reader’s Guide  ............................................................................................................................................................v
The Condition of Education 2017 At a Glance .........................................................................................................xxiii
Highlights From The Condition of Education 2017 ................................................................................................xxxiii
Spotlights ................................................................................................................................1
Risk Factors and Academic Outcomes in Kindergarten Through Third Grade ............................................................2
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by risk factors related to parent
education and poverty: School year 2010–11 ...................................................................................3
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by risk factors related to parent
education and poverty and child’s race/ethnicity: School year 2010–11 ............................................4
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by risk factors related to parent
education and poverty and household type: School year 2010–11 ....................................................5
Figure 4.  Percentage distribution of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by risk factors related to parent
education and poverty and primary home language: School year 2010–11 .......................................6
Figure 5.  Average reading scale scores of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment and
risk factors related to parent education and poverty: Fall 2010 through spring 2014 ........................7
Figure 6.  Average mathematics scale scores of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment
and risk factors related to parent education and poverty: Fall 2010 through spring 2014 ..................8
Figure 7.  Average science scale scores of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment and risk
factors related to parent education and poverty: Spring 2011 through spring 2014 ...........................9
Homeless Children and Youth in Public Schools .......................................................................................................12
Figure 1.  Percentage of public school students who were identified as homeless: School years 2009–10
through 2014–15 ...........................................................................................................................13
Figure 2.  Number of public school students who were identified as homeless, by grade: School year
2014 –15  ..........................................................................................................................................14
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of public school students who were identified as homeless, by primary
nighttime residence: School year 2014–15 .......................................................................................15
Figure 4.  Percentage of public school students who were identified as homeless, by selected student
characteristics: School year 2014–15 ...............................................................................................16
Figure 5.  Percentage of public school students who were identified as homeless, by state: School year
2014 –15  ..........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 6.  Percentage distribution of public school students who were identified as homeless, by state and
primary nighttime residence: School year 2014 –15 .........................................................................18
Figure 7.  Percentage of public school students who were identified as homeless, by school district locale:
School year 2014–15 .......................................................................................................................19
First-Time Postsecondary Students’ Persistence After 3 Years ....................................................................................22
Figure 1.  Persistence rates of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by race/ethnicity: Spring 2014 .................................................23
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by level of institution and age when first enrolled: 2012 .............24
Figure 3.  Persistence rates of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by age when first enrolled: Spring 2014 ...................................25
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Figure 4.  Persistence rates of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by SAT/ACT score quarter: Spring 2014 .................................26
Figure 5.  Persistence rates of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by control of first institution: Spring 2014 ...............................27
Figure 6.  Persistence rates of first-time postsecondary students who began at 2- and 4-year institutions
during the 2011–12 academic year, by attendance intensity: Spring 2014 .......................................28
Disability Rates and Employment Status by Educational Attainment ........................................................................30
Figure 1.  Percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with disabilities, by age group: 2010 and 2015 ............................31
Figure 2.  Percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with disabilities, by age group and educational attainment:
2015  ...............................................................................................................................................32
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by labor force status:
2015  ...............................................................................................................................................33
Figure 4.  Employment percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by age group:
2015  ...............................................................................................................................................34
Figure 5.  Employment percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by educational
attainment: 2015 .............................................................................................................................35
Figure 6.  Employment percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by sex and
educational attainment: 2015 .........................................................................................................36
Figure 7.  Unemployment percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by educational
attainment: 2015 ............................................................................................................................37
Figure 8.  Not-in-labor-force percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds with and without disabilities, by educational
attainment: 2015 ............................................................................................................................38
Chapter 1.  Population Characteristics ...........................................................................41
Attainment
1.1  Educational Attainment of Young Adults ........................................................................................................42
Figure 1.  Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor’s or higher degree, by sex: Selected years,
2000–2016  ....................................................................................................................................42
Figure 2.  Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with at least a high school diploma or its equivalent, by race/
ethnicity: 2000–2016 ....................................................................................................................43
Figure 3.  Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with an associate’s or higher degree, by race/ethnicity:
2000–2016  ....................................................................................................................................44
Figure 4.  Percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor’s or higher degree, by race/ethnicity:
2000–2016  .....................................................................................................................................45
1.2  International Educational Attainment .............................................................................................................46
Figure 1.  Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who had completed high school in Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2001 and 2015 ..........................47
Figure 2.  Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old with any postsecondary degree in Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: 2001 and 2015 ..........................49
Figure 3.  Percentage of the population who had completed high school in Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2015 ............................51
Figure 4.  Percentage of the population who have attained any postsecondary degree in Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by selected age groups: 2015 ...........53
Figure 5.  Percentage of the population 25 to 34 years old with a postsecondary degree in Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by highest degree attained: 2015 ....54
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Economic Outcomes
1.3  Annual Earnings of Young Adults ...................................................................................................................56
Figure 1.  Percentage of the labor force ages 25–34 who worked full time, year round, by educational
attainment: 2000–2015 ..................................................................................................................56
Figure 2.  Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25–34, by educational
attainment: 2015 ............................................................................................................................57
Figure 3.  Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25–34, by educational
attainment: 2000–2015 ..................................................................................................................58
Figure 4.  Median annual earnings of full-time, year-round workers ages 25–34, by educational
attainment and sex: 2015 ...............................................................................................................59
1.4  Employment and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment ...............................................................60
Figure 1.  Employment rates of 20- to 24-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2016 .......................60
Figure 2.  Employment rates of 20- to 24-year-olds, by educational attainment: Selected years,
2000 through 2016 .........................................................................................................................61
Figure 3.  Unemployment rates of 20- to 24-year-olds, by sex and educational attainment: 2016 ...................62
Figure 4.  Unemployment rates of 20- to 24-year-olds, by educational attainment: 2000 through 2016 .........63
Demographics
1.5  Characteristics of Children’s Families ..............................................................................................................64
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of children under age 18, by child’s race/ethnicity and parents’ highest
level of educational attainment: 2015 .............................................................................................64
Figure 2.  Percentage of children under age 18, by child’s race/ethnicity and family structure: 2015 ...............65
Figure 3.  Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child’s race/ethnicity:
2010 and 2015 ................................................................................................................................66
Figure 4.  Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by selected Hispanic and
Asian subgroups: 2015 ....................................................................................................................67
Figure 5.  Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child’s race/ethnicity and
parents’ highest level of educational attainment: 2015 ....................................................................68
Figure 6.  Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by child’s race/ethnicity and
family structure: 2015 ....................................................................................................................69
Figure 7.  Percentage of children under age 18 in families living in poverty, by state: 2015 ............................70
1.6  Children’s Access to and Use of the Internet ....................................................................................................72
Figure 1.  Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who used the Internet from home, by selected child and
family characteristics: 2010 and 2015 .............................................................................................73
Figure 2.  Among those who used the Internet anywhere, percentage of children ages 3 to 18 using it in
various locations: 2015 ...................................................................................................................75
Figure 3.  Among those who used the Internet anywhere, percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who used the
Internet at home and at school, by selected child and family characteristics: 2015 ...........................76
Chapter 2.  Participation in Education.............................................................................79
Preprimary
2.1  Preschool and Kindergarten Enrollment .........................................................................................................80
Figure 1.  Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children enrolled in preprimary programs: 2000
through 2015  .................................................................................................................................80
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Figure 2.  Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children in preprimary programs attending full-day programs,
by program type: 2000 through 2015 .............................................................................................81
Figure 3.  Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by child age and
attendance status: October 2015 ....................................................................................................82
Figure 4.  Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by race/ethnicity and
attendance status: October 2015 ....................................................................................................83
Figure 5.  Percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool programs, by parents’ highest
level of education and attendance status: October 2015 ..................................................................84
Figure 6.  Percentage of 3- and 4-year-old children enrolled in school, by OECD country: 2014 ...................85
Elementary/Secondary
2.2  Elementary and Secondary Enrollment ...........................................................................................................88
Figure 1.  Percentage of the population ages 3–19 enrolled in any type of elementary or secondary school,
by age group: October 2000 to October 2015 ................................................................................88
Figure 2.  Actual and projected public school enrollment, by level: Fall 2000 through fall 2026 ....................89
Figure 3.  Projected percentage change in public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by state:
Between fall 2014 and fall 2026 .....................................................................................................90
2.3  Public Charter School Enrollment ..................................................................................................................92
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: Fall 2004 and fall 2014 ........92
Figure 2.  Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Fall 2004 through fall 2014 ...............................93
Figure 3.  Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, by state: Fall 2014 .......94
Figure 4.  Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2004 and
fall 2014  .........................................................................................................................................95
2.4  Private School Enrollment  ...............................................................................................................................96
Figure 1.  Actual and projected private school enrollment in prekindergarten (preK) through grade 12,
by grade level: School years 2003–04 through 2025–26 ................................................................96
Figure 2.  Private elementary and secondary school enrollment, by school orientation: Selected school
years, 2003–04 through 2013–14 ..................................................................................................97
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary school enrollment, by school
level and orientation: School year 2013–14 ....................................................................................98
Figure 4.  Percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary school enrollment, by school
locale and orientation: School year 2013–14 ..................................................................................99
Figure 5.  Percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary school enrollment, by
race/ethnicity and school orientation: School year 2013–14 .........................................................100
2.5  Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools ...................................................................................................102
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools,
by race/ethnicity: Fall 2004, fall 2014, and fall 2026 ....................................................................102
Figure 2.  Percentage of public elementary and secondary school students enrolled in schools with at
least 75 percent minority enrollment, by student race/ethnicity: Fall 2004 and fall 2014 ..............103
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student’s
race/ethnicity and percentage of minority enrollment in school: Fall 2014 ...................................104
Figure 4.  Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student’s race/
ethnicity and percentage of own racial/ethnic group enrolled in the school: Fall 2014 ..................105
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2.6  English Language Learners in Public Schools ................................................................................................106
Figure 1.  Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by state: School year
2014 –15  .......................................................................................................................................106
Figure 2.  Percentage of public school students who were English language learners, by locale: School year
2014 –15  ........................................................................................................................................107
Figure 3.  Percentage of public K–12 students identified as English language learners, by grade level:
School year 2014–15 .....................................................................................................................108
Table 1.  Eleven most commonly reported home languages of English language learner (ELL) students:
School year 2014–15 .....................................................................................................................108
2.7  Children and Youth With Disabilities ............................................................................................................110
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of children and youth ages 3–21 served under the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by disability type: School year 2014–15 .....................110
Figure 2.  Percentage of children and youth ages 3–21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by race/ethnicity: School year 2014–15 ........................................111
Figure 3.  Percentage of students ages 6–21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, placed in a regular public school environment, by amount of time spent inside
general classes: Selected school years, 1990–91 through 2014–15 ..................................................112
Figure 4.  Percentage of students ages 14–21 served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, who exited school, by selected exit reason and race/ethnicity: School year
2013 –14  ........................................................................................................................................113
Postsecondary
2.8  Undergraduate Enrollment .............................................................................................................................116
Figure 1.  Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by sex: Fall 2000–2026 .................................................................................................................116
Figure 2.  Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity:
Fall 2000–2015 .............................................................................................................................117
Figure 3.  Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by attendance status: Fall 2000–2026 ...........................................................................................118
Figure 4.  Undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of
institution: Fall 2000–2015 ..........................................................................................................119
Figure 5.  Actual and projected undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by level of institution: Fall 2000–2026 ........................................................................................120
Figure 6.  Percentage of undergraduate students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions who
enrolled exclusively in distance education courses, by control and level of institution: Fall 2015 ...121
2.9  Postbaccalaureate Enrollment ........................................................................................................................122
Figure 1.  Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by sex: Fall 2000–2026 ............................................................................................122
Figure 2.  Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity:
Fall 2000–2015 ............................................................................................................................123
Figure 3.  Actual and projected postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by attendance status: Fall 2000–2026 ......................................................................124
Figure 4.  Postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of
institution: Fall 2000–2015 ..........................................................................................................125
Figure 5.  Percentage of postbaccalaureate students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by participation in distance education and control of institution: Fall 2015 ..............126
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Chapter 3  Elementary and Secondary Education ......................................................129
School Characteristics and Climate
3.1  Characteristics of Traditional Public Schools and Public Charter Schools .....................................................130
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school level:
School year 2014–15 ....................................................................................................................130
Figure 2.  Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by racial/ethnic
concentration: School years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ......................................................................131
Figure 3.  Percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by percentage of students
eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: School year 2014–15 ........................................................132
Figure 4.  Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school
locale and region: School year 2014–15 .........................................................................................133
3.2  Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch.......................................134
Figure 1.  Percentage of public school students in low-poverty and high-poverty schools, by race/ethnicity:
School year 2014–15 ....................................................................................................................134
Figure 2.  Percentage of public school students, by school poverty level and school locale: School year
2014 –15 .........................................................................................................................................135
3.3  School Crime and Safety ................................................................................................................................136
Figure 1.  Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the
previous 6 months, by type of victimization: Selected years, 2001 through 2015..........................136
Figure 2.  Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported victimization at school during the previous
6 months, by grade: 2015 ..............................................................................................................137
Figure 3.  Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year,
by selected school characteristics: Selected years, 2005 through 2015............................................138
Figure 4.  Among students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year,
percentage reporting that bullying had varying degrees of negative effect on various aspects of
their life, by aspect of life affected: 2015.........................................................................................139
Teachers and Staff
3.4  Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios..................................................................................................................140
Figure 1.  Teachers as a percentage of staff in public elementary and secondary school systems, by state:
Fall 2014  .......................................................................................................................................140
Figure 2.  Public and private elementary and secondary school pupil/teacher ratios: Fall 2004 through
fall 2014  ........................................................................................................................................141
Figure 3.  Percentage of public elementary and secondary school teachers who had less than 2 years of
teaching experience, by state: 2011–12 ..........................................................................................142
Finance
3.5  Public School Revenue Sources.......................................................................................................................144
Figure 1.  Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by revenue source: School years
2003–04 through 2013–14 ...........................................................................................................144
Figure 2.  State revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total public
school revenues, by state: School year 2013–14 .............................................................................145
Figure 3.  Property tax revenues for public elementary and secondary schools as a percentage of total
public school revenues, by state: School year 2013–14 ...................................................................146
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3.6  Public School Expenditures ............................................................................................................................148
Figure 1.  Current expenditures, interest payments, and capital outlays per student in fall enrollment in
public elementary and secondary schools, by type of expenditure: 2003–04 through 2013–14 .....148
Figure 2.  Percentage of current expenditures per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by type of expenditure: 2003–04, 2008–09, and 2013–14 ..............................149
Figure 3.  Current expenditures per student in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary
schools, by function of expenditure: 2003–04, 2008–09, and 2013–14 ........................................150
3.7  Education Expenditures by Country ..............................................................................................................152
Figure 1.  Annual expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for elementary and secondary
education in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
countries, by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: 2013 ........................................................152
Figure 2.  Annual expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for postsecondary education in
selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, by gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita: 2013 .....................................................................................153
Figure 3.  Public and private direct expenditures on education as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)
for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries with the
highest percentages of direct expenditures for all institutions, by level of education: 2013 ............154
Assessments
3.8  Reading Performance  .....................................................................................................................................156
Figure 1.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: Selected years, 1992–2015 ....................................................156
Figure 2.  Percentage of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) reading achievement levels: Selected years, 1992–2015 .....................................157
Figure 3.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 1992, 2013, and 2015 ...........................................158
Figure 4.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade students, by sex: 1992, 2013, and 2015 ...........................................................159
Figure 5.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
12th-grade students, by race/ethnicity and sex: 1992, 2013, and 2015 ...........................................160
Figure 6.  Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores
of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2013 and 2015 .........................................161
Figure 7.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by jurisdiction: 2015 ...................................................162
3.9  Mathematics Performance .............................................................................................................................164
Figure 1.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade students: Selected years, 1990–2015 ...............................................................164
Figure 2.  Percentage of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels: Selected years, 1990–2015 ..............................165
Figure 3.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 1990, 2013, and 2015 ..........................................166
Figure 4.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade students, by sex: 1990, 2013, and 2015 ...........................................................167
Figure 5.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of
12th-grade students, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2005, 2013, and 2015 ...........................................168
Figure 6.  Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2013 and 2015 ................................170
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Figure 7.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by jurisdiction: 2015 ...................................................171
3.10  Science Performance .......................................................................................................................................174
Figure 1.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students: 2009, 2011, and 2015 ............................................................174
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students across National Assessment of
Educational Progress (NAEP) science achievement levels: 2009, 2011, and 2015 ...........................175
Figure 3.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by race/ethnicity: 2009, 2011, and 2015 ................................176
Figure 4.  Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students, by sex: 2009, 2011, and 2015 ................................................178
Figure 5.  Change in average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores
of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by state: 2009 and 2015 ..........................................180
3.11  Technology and Engineering Literacy ............................................................................................................182
Figure 1.  Average overall National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Technology and
Engineering Literacy (TEL) scale scores of 8th-graders, by selected student and school
characteristics: 2014 ......................................................................................................................183
Figure 2.  Percentage of 8th-graders who reported often learning about or discussing in school the
ways people work together to solve problems in their community or the world, by selected
student and school characteristics: 2014 ........................................................................................185
Figure 3.  Average overall National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Technology and
Engineering Literacy (TEL) scale scores of 8th-graders, by frequency of learning about or
discussing in school the ways people work together to solve problems in their community
or the world: 2014 .........................................................................................................................186
Figure 4.  Percentage of 8th-graders who reported performing design- and systems-related activities
more than five times in school and outside of school: 2014 ...........................................................187
Figure 5.  Average overall National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Technology and
Engineering Literacy (TEL) scale scores of 8th-graders, by frequency of figuring out why
something is not working in order to fix it outside of school: 2014 ................................................188
Figure 6.  Percentage of 8th-graders who reported performing information and communication
technology tasks at least once every week for school work and for activities not related to school
work: 2014  ....................................................................................................................................189
Figure 7.  Percentage of 8th-graders who reported performing various information and communication
technology tasks at least once every week for school work, by selected student and school
characteristics: 2014 ......................................................................................................................190
3.12  International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4 ...............................................................................192
Table 1.  Average PIRLS reading literacy assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education
system: 2011  .................................................................................................................................192
3.13  International Comparisons: U.S. 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-Graders’ Mathematics and Science Achievement ........194
Figure 1.  Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education
system: 2015 .................................................................................................................................195
Figure 2.  Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 4th-grade students, by education
system: 2015 .................................................................................................................................197
Figure 3.  Average TIMSS mathematics assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education
system: 2015 .................................................................................................................................198
Figure 4.  Average TIMSS science assessment scale scores of 8th-grade students, by education system:
2015  ..............................................................................................................................................199
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Figure 5.  Average advanced mathematics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by
education system: 2015 ................................................................................................................200
Figure 6.  Average physics scores and coverage index of TIMSS Advanced students, by education system:
2015  ..............................................................................................................................................201
3.14  International Comparisons: Science, Reading, and Mathematics Literacy of 15-Year-Old Students ...............204
Table 1.  Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by education system: 2015 .............................................205
Figure 1.  Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) science literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education system:
2015  .............................................................................................................................................206
Table 2.  Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by education system: 2015 ............................................208
Figure 2.  Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) reading literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education
system: 2015 ................................................................................................................................209
Table 3.  Average scores of 15-year-old students on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by education system: 2015 .....................................211
Figure 3.  Percentage of 15-year-old students performing on the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA) mathematics literacy scale, by selected proficiency levels and education
system: 2015 .................................................................................................................................212
Student Effort, Persistence, and Progress
3.15  Public High School Graduation Rates ............................................................................................................214
Figure 1.  Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by state: 2014–15 ........214
Figure 2.  Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high school students, by race/ethnicity:
2014 –15  ........................................................................................................................................215
Figure 3.  Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Black public high school students,
by state: 2014–15 ..........................................................................................................................216
Figure 4.  Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) of White and Hispanic public high school students,
by state: 2014–15 ..........................................................................................................................218
3.16  Status Dropout Rates  ....................................................................................................................................220
Figure 1.  Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by sex: 2000 through 2015 .......................................220
Figure 2.  Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 2000 through 2015 ........................221
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of status dropouts, by years of school completed: 2000 through 2015 .....222
Figure 4.  Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by selected Hispanic subgroups: 2015 .......................223
Figure 5.  Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by selected Asian subgroups: 2015 ............................224
Figure 6.  Status dropout rates of 16- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity and nativity: 2015 ..........................225
3.17  Youth Neither Enrolled in School nor Working .............................................................................................226
Figure 1.  Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age
group: 2006, 2011, and 2016 ........................................................................................................226
Figure 2.  Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by
race/ethnicity and age group: 2016 ...............................................................................................227
Figure 3.  Percentage of youth ages 16 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by age
group and family poverty status: 2016 .........................................................................................228
Figure 4.  Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by
race/ethnicity and family poverty status: 2016 .............................................................................229
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Figure 5.  Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by
educational attainment: 2006, 2011, and 2016 .............................................................................230
Figure 6.  Percentage of youth ages 20 to 24 who were neither enrolled in school nor working, by
educational attainment and sex: 2016 ...........................................................................................231
Transition to College
3.18  Immediate College Enrollment Rate .............................................................................................................232
Figure 1.  Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October
immediately following high school completion, by level of institution: 2000–2015 ......................232
Figure 2.  Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October
immediately following high school completion, by sex: 2000–2015 .............................................233
Figure 3.  Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October
immediately following high school completion, by family income: 2000–2015 ............................234
Figure 4.  Percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges by the October
immediately following high school completion, by race/ethnicity: 2000–2015 ..............................235
3.19  College Enrollment Rates ..............................................................................................................................236
Figure 1.  Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
level of institution: 2000–2015 ....................................................................................................236
Figure 2.  Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
race/ethnicity: 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 .................................................................................237
Figure 3.  Enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
sex and race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2015 .........................................................................................238
Chapter 4.  Postsecondary Education ...........................................................................241
Postsecondary Environments and Characteristics
4.1  Characteristics of Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions .....................................................................242
Figure 1.  Number of degree-granting institutions with first-year undergraduates, by level and control of
institution: Academic years 2000–01, 2012–13, and 2015–16 ......................................................242
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of application acceptance rates at degree-granting institutions with
first-year undergraduates, by level and control of institution: Academic year 2015–16 ..................243
Figure 3.  Number of 4-year degree-granting institutions, by classification and control of institution:
Fall 2015  ......................................................................................................................................244
Figure 4.  Number of 2-year degree-granting institutions, by classification and control of institution:
Fall 2015  .......................................................................................................................................245
4.2  Characteristics of Postsecondary Students .....................................................................................................248
Figure 1.  Percentage of full-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by institutional level and control and student age: Fall 2015 .....................................248
Figure 2.  Percentage of part-time undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by institutional level and control and student age: Fall 2015 .....................................249
Figure 3.  Percentage distribution of U.S. resident undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by institutional level and control and student race/ethnicity:
Fall 2015  .......................................................................................................................................250
Figure 4.  Percentage of full-time and part-time postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by institutional control and student age: Fall 2015 .............................251
Figure 5.  Percentage distribution of U.S. resident postbaccalaureate enrollment in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by institutional control and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2015 .............252
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4.3  Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty .......................................................................................................254
Figure 1.  Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status:
Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2015 ...................................................................................254
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
academic rank, race/ethnicity, and sex: Fall 2015 ..........................................................................255
Figure 3.  Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by academic rank: Selected years, 1995–96 through 2015–16 ...........256
Figure 4.  Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 2015–16 ........................................257
Programs, Courses, and Completions
4.4  Undergraduate Degree Fields ........................................................................................................................260
Figure 1.  Number of associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study:
Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ........................................................................................260
Figure 2.  Number of bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study:
Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 .........................................................................................261
Figure 3.  Number of bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study,
by sex: Academic year 2014–15 ....................................................................................................262
4.5  Graduate Degree Fields  .................................................................................................................................264
Figure 1.  Number of master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study:
Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ........................................................................................264
Figure 2.  Number of doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study:
Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ........................................................................................266
Figure 3.  Number of master’s and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of
degree and sex: Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ................................................................267
4.6  Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates ...........................................................................................268
Figure 1.  Percentage of first-time, full-time degree-seeking undergraduates retained at 2- and 4-year
degree-granting institutions, by institution level, control of institution, and acceptance
rate: 2014 to 2015 ........................................................................................................................268
Figure 2.  Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) from first institution
attended for first-time, full-time bachelor’s degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary
institutions, by control of institution and sex: Cohort entry year 2009 ........................................269
Figure 3.  Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time (within 6 years) from first institution
attended for first-time, full-time bachelor’s degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary
institutions, by acceptance rate of institution: Cohort entry year 2009 ........................................270
Figure 4.  Graduation rate within 150 percent of normal time from first institution attended for first-time,
full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary institutions, by control of
institution and sex: Cohort entry year 2012 .................................................................................271
4.7  Postsecondary Certificates and Degrees Conferred ........................................................................................272
Table 1.  Number of degrees and certificates conferred by postsecondary institutions and percentage
change, by control of institution and level of degree: Academic years 1994–95, 2004–05,
and 2014–15  ................................................................................................................................272
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of associate’s degrees and certificates below the associate’s degree level
conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2004–05
and 2014–15  ................................................................................................................................273
Figure 2.  Percentage distribution of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2004–05 and 2014–15 ..............................274
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Finance and Resources
4.8  Price of Attending an Undergraduate Institution ............................................................................................276
Figure 1.  Average total cost of attending degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time
undergraduate students, by level and control of institution and student living arrangement:
Academic year 2015–16 .................................................................................................................276
Figure 2.  Average tuition and fees of degree-granting institutions for first-time, full-time undergraduate
students, by control and level of institution: Academic years 2012–13 through 2015–16 ..............277
Figure 3.  Average total cost, net price, and grant and scholarship aid for first-time, full-time
undergraduate students paying in-state tuition and receiving aid at public 4-year institutions,
by family income level: Academic year 2014–15 ...........................................................................278
Figure 4.  Average total cost, net price, and grant and scholarship aid for first-time, full-time
undergraduate students receiving aid at private nonprofit 4-year institutions, by family
income level: Academic year 2014–15 ..........................................................................................279
Figure 5.  Average total cost, net price, and grant and scholarship aid for first-time, full-time
undergraduate students receiving aid at private for-profit 4-year institutions, by family
income level: Academic year 2014–15 ..........................................................................................280
4.9  Loans for Undergraduate Students ................................................................................................................282
Figure 1.  Average undergraduate tuition and fees for full-time students at degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by control and level of institution: 2009–10 through 2014–15 .................................282
Figure 2.  Percentage of first-time, full-time students awarded loan aid at degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by control and level of institution: 2009–10 through 2014–15 .................................283
Figure 3.  Average annual loan amounts for first-time, full-time students awarded loan aid at
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 2009–10
through 2014–15 .........................................................................................................................284
Figure 4.  Average cumulative amount borrowed for undergraduate students ages 18 to 24 in their
4th (senior) year or above, by control and level of institution: 2011–12 ........................................285
4.10  Sources of Financial Aid  ................................................................................................................................286
Figure 1.  Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 4-year
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2009–10
through 2014–15 .........................................................................................................................286
Figure 2.  Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded financial aid at 2-year
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Academic years 2009–10
through 2014–15 .........................................................................................................................287
Figure 3.  Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded grants and loans at 4-year
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:
Academic year 2014–15 ................................................................................................................288
Figure 4.  Percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students awarded grants and loans at 2-year
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of financial aid and control of institution:
Academic year 2014–15 ................................................................................................................289
Figure 5.  Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students
awarded financial aid at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of
financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2014–15 ..................................................290
Figure 6.  Average amount of financial aid awarded to first-time, full-time undergraduate students
awarded financial aid at 2-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of
financial aid and control of institution: Academic year 2014–15 ...................................................291
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4.11  Postsecondary Institution Revenues ..............................................................................................................292
Figure 1.  Percentage distribution of total revenues at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
institutional control and source of funds: 2014–15 .......................................................................292
Figure 2.  Revenues from tuition and fees per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by institutional control: 2009–10 and 2014–15 .................................293
Figure 3.  Revenues from government grants, contracts, and appropriations per full-time-equivalent (FTE)
student for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of funds and institutional
control: 2009–10 and 2014–15 ....................................................................................................294
4.12  Postsecondary Institution Expenses ...............................................................................................................296
Figure 1.  Percentage of total expenses at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by purpose of select
expenses and control of institution: 2014–15 ................................................................................296
Figure 2.  Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at 4-year degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by purpose of select expenses and control of institution: 2014–15 .............................298
Figure 3.  Expenses per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student for instruction at degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: 2009–10 and 2014–15 .................299
Guide to Sources ..............................................................................................................301
Glossary ............................................................................................................................331